NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) is a nucleotide and NAD+ precursor found in human biology that has been studied in human trials mainly for raising NAD-related biomarkers and for possible effects on insulin sensitivity, exercise performance, sleep-related outcomes, and other aging-related physiological measures (Research) (Research).

Human research on NMN is still developing rather than settled. Multiple oral supplementation studies report increases in blood or whole-blood NAD-related measures, but clinical outcomes are more variable across populations and endpoints, and recent reviews describe the literature as promising but limited by short duration, small samples, and heterogeneity (Research) (Review).

Ingredient Identity

• Official name(s): Nicotinamide mononucleotide; β-nicotinamide mononucleotide
• Synonyms: NMN; β-NMN
• Classification: Nucleotide; NAD+ biosynthesis intermediate (Research)
• CAS number (if available): Not included here because the locked source set used for this article does not contain a directly cited authority source for that field
• Endogenous vs exogenous: Endogenous biochemical intermediate and also studied as an exogenous oral ingredient (Research)

Ingredient Snapshot

• Classification: NMN is a nucleotide intermediate in NAD+ biosynthesis (Research)
• Endogenous vs exogenous status: It occurs in human biochemistry and has also been studied as an oral supplemental ingredient in clinical trials (Research)
• Primary human research domains: Human studies have focused on NAD-related biomarkers, insulin sensitivity, muscle and exercise performance, sleep-related measures, and broader aging-related functional outcomes (Research) (Research)
• Common study formats: The clinical literature is dominated by oral supplementation trials, dose-ranging studies, and short-term safety or biomarker studies (Research) (Research)
• Pharmacokinetic characterization status: Human evidence supports measurable biomarker change after oral administration, but the available literature is stronger for NAD-related response than for a fully characterized classical PK profile (Research)
• Regulatory context (U.S./EU): In the United States, NIH ODS notes FDA’s November 2022 position that NMN may not be legally marketed as a dietary supplement because it had been authorized for investigation as a new drug (NIH ODS). In the European Union, official Commission material describes NMN in the novel food framework (EFSA)
• Evidence maturity: Evidence is best described as emerging to moderate, with repeated biomarker findings but mixed clinical-outcome results and generally short trials (Review) (Review)

Introduction

NMN is a small molecule in the vitamin B3 / NAD+ pathway and is studied because NAD+ is involved in cellular energy metabolism and other basic biological processes. Human trials in the source set used for this article support describing NMN as an endogenous NAD+ precursor that can also be administered orally in clinical research (Research).

People look up NMN because researchers have tested whether raising NAD-related biomarkers translates into measurable changes in insulin sensitivity, exercise performance, fatigue, sleep quality, or other aging-related outcomes. That interest comes from several positive human findings, but the overall evidence remains mixed and does not support treating every mechanistic claim as a settled clinical conclusion (Research) (Review).

This article is informational only, describes NMN as a biochemical substance studied in human research, and does not provide medical or dosing advice.

Quick Summary

• NMN is a nucleotide precursor of NAD+ that has been studied in humans mainly to assess whether oral supplementation raises NAD-related biomarkers and influences metabolic, functional, or aging-related outcomes (Research).
• The most consistent human finding is that oral NMN can increase blood or whole-blood NAD-related measures, while outcome benefits are more variable across studies (Research) (Research).
• One targeted randomized trial reported improved muscle insulin sensitivity in overweight or obese postmenopausal women with prediabetes given 250 mg/day for 10 weeks (Research).
• Trials in older adults have reported positive findings for lower-limb function, drowsiness, sleep quality, or walking-related outcomes in some settings, but not all studies have found clear functional improvement (Research) (Research).
• Short-term human studies generally describe oral NMN as well tolerated across commonly studied supplemental ranges, including dose-ranging work up to 900 mg/day and a short-term 1250 mg/day safety study (Research) (Research).
• Reviews published in 2024 describe the overall evidence as promising but limited by short duration, small samples, and heterogeneous study designs and endpoints (Review) (Review).

Human Research Findings by Condition

Aging and Longevity Research

Human research in aging-related contexts has mainly examined whether oral NMN raises NAD-related biomarkers and whether that is accompanied by changes in physical function, fatigue, or other age-associated measures. The overall signal is mixed: several studies report biomarker or selected functional improvements, but the human literature does not yet establish broad anti-aging clinical effects (Research) (Review).

Key human study

Dose studied: 250 mg/day
Population: Healthy older men
Duration: 6 or 12 weeks

Researchers studied chronic oral NMN supplementation in healthy older men and reported increases in whole-blood NAD-related metabolites along with changes in muscle-function-related measures. This study is important because it connects repeated daily dosing with measurable biomarker change in an older population rather than relying only on acute administration data.

Result: Human clinical study reported a modest improvement
Evidence strength: Moderate

Study source: (Research)

Additional human study

Dose studied: 250 mg/day
Population: Older adults
Duration: 12 weeks

A 12-week trial in older adults examined NMN intake timing and reported improvement in lower-limb function and reduced drowsiness, particularly with afternoon intake. This adds functional aging-related context, although the outcomes are narrower than a broad longevity claim.

Result: Human clinical study reported a modest improvement
Evidence strength: Limited

Study source: (Research)

Diabetes and Glycemic Control

Several human studies and reviews have examined NMN in glucose-related or insulin-related settings. The strongest targeted result comes from a specific prediabetic population, while broader pooled analyses across mixed adult samples report more limited or mixed findings for glucose and lipid outcomes (Research) (Review).

Key human study

Dose studied: 250 mg/day
Population: Overweight or obese postmenopausal women with prediabetes
Duration: 10 weeks

This randomized trial examined whether NMN affected skeletal muscle insulin action and reported improved muscle insulin sensitivity and insulin signaling. It is one of the clearest targeted efficacy findings in the human NMN literature, but it comes from a defined metabolic subgroup rather than a broad general population.

Result: Randomized human trial reported a statistically significant improvement
Evidence strength: Moderate

Study source: (Research)

Additional human study

Dose studied: Multiple dose ranges across included randomized trials
Population: Adults across pooled randomized controlled trials
Duration: Short-term trials pooled in review

A 2024 review and meta-analysis reported that short-term NMN supplementation did not show significantly positive overall effects on glucose control and lipid profile across included studies. This broader synthesis helps explain why enthusiasm based on individual positive trials remains tempered.

Result: Human clinical studies reported mixed findings
Evidence strength: Mixed

Study source: (Review)

Muscle Health

Research in human populations has evaluated NMN for exercise performance, walking-related measures, and muscle-function-associated outcomes using multiple study designs. The overall picture is encouraging in some groups but not uniform across all populations or endpoints (Research) (Research).

Key human study

Dose studied: 300 mg, 600 mg, or 1200 mg/day
Population: Amateur runners
Duration: 6 weeks

A randomized double-blind study in amateur runners reported that NMN supplementation enhanced aerobic capacity during exercise training. This is relevant to muscle and exercise performance, but it reflects a trained population and short study duration.

Result: Human clinical study reported a modest improvement
Evidence strength: Moderate

Study source: (Research)

Additional human study

Dose studied: Daily oral NMN supplementation
Population: Older male patients with diabetes and impaired physical performance
Duration: 24 weeks

This placebo-controlled study reported that NMN supplementation was safe but did not improve grip strength or walking speed. It is one of the clearest neutral trials in the source set and is important because it tempers broader performance claims.

Result: Human clinical study reported no clear effect
Evidence strength: Moderate

Study source: (Research)

Sleep

Sleep-related evidence for NMN is limited but present. Human studies in older adults have examined sleep quality, drowsiness, and fatigue-related measures, and some trials reported positive changes, but this remains a small research area compared with NAD biomarkers or metabolic outcomes (Research) (Research).

Key human study

Dose studied: 250 mg/day
Population: Older adults
Duration: 12 weeks

This study investigated sleep quality, fatigue, and physical performance in older adults and reported reduced drowsiness with time-dependent intake. The result is relevant because it shows that NMN has been evaluated for subjective sleep-related outcomes rather than only laboratory biomarkers.

Result: Human clinical study reported a modest improvement
Evidence strength: Limited

Study source: (Research)

Additional human study

Dose studied: 250 mg/day
Population: Older adults
Duration: 12 weeks

A randomized placebo-controlled study reported increased blood NAD and improvements in sleep quality while also helping maintain walking speed. This supports the idea that sleep-related outcomes have been explored in older adults, but the literature is still too small for a strong classification.

Result: Human clinical study reported a modest improvement
Evidence strength: Limited

Study source: (Research)

Cardiovascular Health

Cardiovascular and cardiometabolic evidence in human NMN research is weaker than the evidence for NAD-related biomarker change or the targeted insulin-sensitivity trial. Some analyses touch lipid-related or broader cardiometabolic markers, but the better-supported conclusion is that cardiovascular claims remain preliminary and mixed (Review) (Review).

Key human study

Dose studied: Multiple dose ranges across pooled randomized trials
Population: Adults across pooled randomized controlled trials
Duration: Short-term trials pooled in review

The 2024 review and meta-analysis on glucose and lipid metabolism did not find significantly positive overall effects on lipid profile. Because cardiovascular supplement claims often lean on lipid or cardiometabolic surrogates, this pooled result supports a cautious interpretation.

Result: Human clinical studies reported mixed findings
Evidence strength: Mixed

Study source: (Review)

Additional human study

Dose studied: Various doses across pooled studies
Population: Middle-aged and elderly adults in pooled analyses
Duration: Pooled human trials

A separate 2024 meta-analysis reported positive pooled effects for some measures including insulin resistance and aminotransferase markers in middle-aged and elderly individuals. That finding suggests a broader cardiometabolic signal, but it is not the same as firm cardiovascular clinical evidence.

Result: Human clinical studies reported mixed findings
Evidence strength: Mixed

Study source: (Review)

Dosage & Study Snapshot (Research Context)

The human NMN literature is mainly oral supplemental, with acute administration studies, repeated daily dosing trials, dose-ranging studies, and short-term safety studies. It is much stronger for supplemental exposure than for ordinary dietary exposure, and the best-supported recurring chronic dose in the published clinical literature is 250 mg/day, with additional evidence at 300–900 mg/day and a short-term safety study at 1250 mg/day (Research) (Research).

Single oral administration:

An acute oral administration study in healthy Japanese men examined NMN’s immediate effects on clinical parameters and nicotinamide metabolite levels. This is the lowest documented human exposure context in the source set and shows that oral NMN enters measurable human metabolic pathways. Because it was an acute study, it is more useful for exposure and short-term tolerability context than for claims about sustained clinical benefit.

Result: Preliminary signal
Evidence strength: Emerging

Notes / limitations: Acute dosing helps establish biological activity but does not answer long-term efficacy questions. (Research)

250 mg/day:

This is the best-supported recurring chronic dose in the human literature used here. Studies at 250 mg/day in older adults, healthy older men, and a targeted prediabetic postmenopausal population reported increases in NAD-related biomarkers and, in some trials, improvements in insulin sensitivity, lower-limb function, drowsiness, sleep quality, or maintained walking-related performance. The findings are not identical across all populations, but this band is the clearest anchor for repeated-dose interpretation.

Result: Modest improvement
Evidence strength: Moderate

Notes / limitations: Positive results at this dose depend on population and endpoint and should not be generalized to all outcomes. (Research) (Research)

300–900 mg/day:

A multicenter randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial in healthy middle-aged adults reported that NMN increased blood NAD concentrations and was safe and well tolerated with oral dosing up to 900 mg/day. This dose band is especially useful because it represents higher conventional supplement-style exposure, but the clearest result in this range is biomarker change rather than definitive broad clinical benefit.

Result: Preliminary signal
Evidence strength: Moderate

Notes / limitations: The strongest evidence in this band concerns blood NAD response rather than broad efficacy across multiple clinical endpoints. (Research)

1250 mg/day:

A short-term safety study reported that β-NMN was safe and well tolerated in healthy adult men and women at 1250 mg once daily for up to 4 weeks. This higher-dose band is informative mainly for tolerability context and should not be read as proof that higher doses yield proportionally greater clinical benefit.

Result: Neutral overall findings
Evidence strength: Limited

Notes / limitations: This dose band mainly informs short-term safety rather than efficacy. (Research)

Key Takeaways from Human Research

• The most reproducible human NMN finding is an increase in blood or whole-blood NAD-related biomarkers after oral supplementation (Research) (Research).
• The strongest targeted clinical result in the current source set is improved muscle insulin sensitivity in overweight or obese postmenopausal women with prediabetes at 250 mg/day for 10 weeks (Research).
• Findings for muscle performance and exercise-related outcomes are encouraging in some groups, including amateur runners and some older adults, but they are not consistent across all studies (Research) (Research).
• Sleep and fatigue-related outcomes have shown preliminary positive signals in older adults, but this remains a smaller evidence area than biomarker or metabolic research (Research) (Research).
• Short-term tolerability is reasonably well supported, but long-term safety, rare adverse events, and detailed interaction risk remain undercharacterized (Research) (Review).

Origin & Natural Occurrence

The source set supports describing NMN as an endogenous intermediate in the NAD+ biosynthetic pathway. In practical terms, that means NMN is not only a manufactured supplement ingredient but also part of normal human biochemistry (Research).

The European Commission novel-food consultation material also shows that NMN can be produced through enzymatic manufacturing technology for ingredient use. That is relevant because it frames NMN as a commercially developed food-related ingredient as well as a biological intermediate (EFSA).

How It Behaves in the Body

In plain language, NMN is studied as a way to supply the body with material that can help rebuild NAD+, a molecule involved in energy metabolism and other cellular housekeeping processes. Human studies repeatedly show that oral NMN can raise blood or whole-blood NAD-related markers, which is the clearest indication that the compound is biologically active after ingestion (Research) (Research).

Mechanistically, the source set supports framing NMN as an intermediate in the NAD+ salvage pathway. That matters because lower NAD-related status has been studied in relation to aging and metabolic dysfunction, which is why human trials have focused on insulin sensitivity, exercise-related performance, and older-adult functional measures (Research).

What is well established in humans is narrower than the broader mechanistic story often told around NMN. The strongest human conclusion is that NMN can change NAD-related biomarkers; the literature does not yet support sweeping claims about disease treatment, broad rejuvenation, or uniformly improved longevity-related outcomes (Research) (Review).

Absorption & Delivery Formats

Oral immediate-release: This is the best-studied delivery format in the source set. Acute and repeated oral studies show that NMN can affect measured nicotinamide metabolite or NAD-related biomarkers in humans (Research) (Research).

Oral extended-release: The source set does not provide a clearly supported extended-release clinical evidence base, so evidence is limited in this format.

Sublingual: The source set does not provide directly supported human sublingual trial evidence, so evidence is limited.

Transdermal: The source set does not provide directly supported human transdermal NMN evidence.

Injectable / IV (research or clinical only): The source set does not provide directly supported human injectable or intravenous NMN evidence.

Quick Facts at a Glance

Onset (reported)
The clearest onset evidence comes from acute oral administration and short-duration biomarker studies, which show that NMN can alter measured nicotinamide metabolite or NAD-related markers after ingestion. What the source set does not establish clearly is a precise clinical onset for benefits such as improved sleep or function, because those outcomes were studied over weeks rather than hours (Research).

Time to peak (Tmax)
A conventional drug-style Tmax is not robustly characterized in the source set used here. The available studies support measurable biomarker change after oral administration, but they do not establish a clean, widely accepted clinical Tmax summary for routine public use (Research).

Half-life (t½)
The source set does not provide a settled clinical half-life value suitable for a firm standalone summary. That is one reason the current human literature is stronger for “does it raise NAD-related biomarkers” than for formal PK characterization (Research).

Typical duration
Most human trials in this evidence base are short, ranging from acute administration to about 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 10 weeks, 12 weeks, and one 24-week study. The literature is therefore better at describing short-term response and tolerability than long-term durability (Research) (Research).

Absorption routes studied
The human evidence here is overwhelmingly oral. Other delivery routes are not meaningfully characterized in the current source set (Research).

Formulation differences
The source set includes NMN and β-NMN naming and oral dose-ranging studies, but it does not provide a robust head-to-head human formulation-comparison literature. The most practical distinction visible here is between acute oral exposure, repeated daily oral supplementation, and short-term higher-dose safety work (Research) (Research).

Variability drivers
Results vary by population, dose, study duration, and endpoint. Positive findings are clearer in some defined groups, such as postmenopausal women with prediabetes or selected older-adult cohorts, than in pooled analyses across mixed adults (Research) (Review).

Tolerance / adaptation (only if evidence exists)
The current source set does not provide strong evidence for tolerance or loss of effect over time in the way that term is commonly used for drugs. The safer summary is that repeated short-term oral use generally remained tolerated in the published trials available here (Research).

Evidence strength snapshot
Evidence is strongest for NAD-related biomarker change, moderate for a few targeted metabolic or functional outcomes, and weaker for broad claims about general anti-aging or cardiometabolic benefit. The main limiting factors are small samples, short duration, and heterogeneous endpoints (Review) (Review).

Safety, Interactions & Regulation

Human safety data in the current source set are mostly short-term, but they are reasonably consistent in describing oral NMN as well tolerated in healthy adults and in several supplementation trials. That includes an acute oral administration study, repeated dosing up to 900 mg/day in a multicenter trial, and a 1250 mg/day study lasting up to 4 weeks (Research) (Research) (Research).

The main caution is not a strong signal of frequent serious adverse effects in the available studies, but the limited size and duration of the evidence base. Small and short trials are not sufficient to settle rare adverse events, long-term safety, or detailed medication interaction risk (Review).

The current source set does not contain a strong direct human interaction library, so medication-interaction claims are best described as insufficiently characterized rather than clearly established.

In the United States, the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements states that nicotinamide mononucleotide is available as a dietary supplement and also notes FDA’s November 2022 determination that NMN may not be legally marketed as a dietary supplement because it had been authorized for investigation as a new drug (NIH ODS). The FDA NDIN list in the source set also documents NMN-related notification history (FDA).

In the European Union, the Commission consultation document states that the request concerned nicotinamide mononucleotide for use in food supplements or fortified foods and that the ingredient is considered a novel food because a history of consumption in the EU before 15 May 1997 had not been established (EFSA). Additional Commission and EFSA materials document the ongoing novel-food application pathway for β-NMN (EFSA) (EFSA).

Evidence Overview

The current human evidence base for NMN is strongest in two areas. The first is NAD-related biomarker response, where multiple oral studies show that NMN can raise blood or whole-blood NAD-related measures. The second is a more specific and narrower clinical area: muscle insulin sensitivity in a targeted prediabetic postmenopausal population, where a randomized trial reported significant improvement. Confidence is not higher because the published trial base remains small, short, and heterogeneous (Research) (Research) (Research).

Across the rest of the literature, the pattern is mixed rather than uniformly positive. Some studies in older adults report favorable changes in lower-limb function, drowsiness, sleep quality, or maintained walking-related measures, and a trial in amateur runners reported improved aerobic-capacity-related outcomes during exercise training (Research) (Research) (Research). At the same time, a 24-week trial in older men with diabetes and impaired physical performance did not find clear improvement in grip strength or walking speed (Research).

This mixed picture is reflected in the 2024 evidence syntheses. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials reported beneficial effects on physical performance parameters in the currently available studies, while a separate review and meta-analysis on glucose and lipid metabolism concluded that short-term NMN supplementation did not show significantly positive overall effects on glucose control and lipid profile (Review) (Review). Another 2024 meta-analysis reported favorable pooled effects for selected outcomes such as muscle function and insulin resistance in middle-aged and elderly individuals, again highlighting that results depend heavily on the outcomes and populations being pooled (Review).

The most important practical limitation is that most trials remain relatively short and modest in sample size. The evidence supports real biological activity and supports the possibility of benefit in some contexts, but it does not justify treating all proposed anti-aging, metabolic, or performance claims as settled. Larger randomized trials, longer follow-up, more direct replication, and clearer population-specific response patterns would strengthen confidence substantially (Review) (Research).

Evidence Confidence Classification

The overall human evidence for NMN is Moderate, based on multiple human studies showing consistent NAD-related biomarker effects and a smaller number of targeted positive clinical findings, but with important limitations in study size, duration, and consistency across endpoints (Research) (Review).

This is not a Strong classification because the clinical literature still contains mixed results and relies heavily on short trials. It is stronger than Emerging because the current evidence includes repeated human supplementation studies, randomized designs, and multiple 2024 syntheses that allow at least a cautious overall assessment (Research) (Review).

Similar Ingredients & Comparators

Similar supplement-style ingredients:

• Nicotinamide riboside
• Niacin
• Nicotinamide
• Resveratrol
• Coenzyme Q10
• Alpha-lipoic acid
• Creatine

Medical / pharma comparator categories:

• Glucose-lowering therapies
• Sleep-focused therapeutics
• Performance-related pharmacologic categories
• Age-related frailty intervention categories

Combination Context

NMN + exercise:
This combination has been studied because researchers want to know whether improving NAD-related status adds to training adaptation or aerobic performance. A randomized study in amateur runners reported improved aerobic-capacity-related outcomes during exercise training, but that does not establish universal exercise-enhancement effects in all populations (Research).

NMN + healthy aging interventions:
Several older-adult studies effectively place NMN in the context of broader healthy-aging research, examining outcomes such as lower-limb function, drowsiness, walking-related measures, and sleep quality. The main limitation is that these studies remain short and modest in size (Research) (Research).

NMN + metabolic-health targeting:
The prediabetes trial shows why NMN is often discussed alongside metabolic interventions. Even in that setting, the best-supported conclusion is a population-specific insulin-sensitivity finding rather than a broadly replicated universal glycemic effect (Research).

FAQ

What is this ingredient?

NMN is nicotinamide mononucleotide, a nucleotide in the NAD+ biosynthesis pathway. In human research, it is mainly studied as an oral NAD+ precursor rather than as a conventional drug with a fully characterized pharmacokinetic dossier (Research).

What does human research study it for?

Human trials have studied NMN for blood NAD-related biomarker changes, insulin sensitivity, exercise performance, sleep-related outcomes, and broader aging-related functional measures. Those are the main evidence areas visible in the human studies and reviews used in this article (Research) (Research).

What are the best-supported uses?

The best-supported findings are that oral NMN can raise NAD-related biomarkers and that it may improve muscle insulin sensitivity in a specific prediabetic postmenopausal population. Those findings are better supported than broad claims about general anti-aging or universal metabolic improvement (Research) (Research).

Where is evidence mixed or limited?

Evidence is mixed for broad glucose, lipid, cardiometabolic, and general performance claims across pooled adult populations. Reviews in 2024 reported either mixed or non-significant overall findings for several metabolic outcomes even though some individual trials were positive (Review) (Review).

How quickly does it act (onset)?

The evidence supports acute biological activity after oral administration because acute studies measured changes in clinical parameters and nicotinamide metabolite-related measures after dosing. What the current literature does not establish clearly is a precise clinical onset for benefits such as improved sleep or function (Research).

What affects absorption and variability?

The available evidence suggests that variability is influenced by population, dose band, duration, and outcome measured. Positive findings are clearer in some targeted groups than in pooled analyses of mixed adults (Research) (Review).

Is tolerance reported?

The current source set does not provide strong evidence for classical tolerance or loss of effect over time. What it does show is that repeated short-term oral use was generally well tolerated in the published human studies available here (Research) (Research).

Why do studies disagree?

Studies disagree because they use different populations, doses, durations, and endpoints. A trial aimed at muscle insulin sensitivity in a targeted metabolic subgroup can be positive even when broader pooled analyses across mixed adults are neutral or mixed (Research) (Review).

What ingredients is it commonly combined with and why?

In the current source set, the clearest combination context is with exercise, because researchers tested whether NMN supplementation adds to training-related performance outcomes. Broader supplement-stacking claims are not well supported by the current human evidence set used here (Research).

What foods naturally contain this ingredient?

The evidence set used here supports NMN as an endogenous biochemical intermediate, but it does not provide a strong directly cited food-composition source detailed enough for a precise foods list in this article. For that reason, this article does not give a food-content table from the current source set.

How is it regulated?

In the United States, NIH ODS notes FDA’s November 2022 position that NMN may not be legally marketed as a dietary supplement because it had been authorized for investigation as a new drug (NIH ODS). In the EU, Commission material states that NMN is considered a novel food because prior EU consumption before 15 May 1997 had not been established (EFSA).

Resources

Niacin Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — NIH Office of Dietary Supplements — https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-HealthProfessional/
NDINs 1995 to Present — U.S. Food and Drug Administration — https://www.fda.gov/media/160660/download
Consultation request for the determination of the novel food status of nicotinamide mononucleotide — European Commission — https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-10/novel-food_consult-status_nmn-cz.pdf
Novel food ongoing application summary for β-NMN — European Commission — https://food.ec.europa.eu/document/download/31340468-4f9b-4a31-b2db-e4238a20644e_en
Open EFSA question entry for β-NMN — European Food Safety Authority — https://open.efsa.europa.eu/questions/EFSA-Q-2014-00836
Effect of oral administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide on clinical parameters and nicotinamide metabolite levels in healthy Japanese men — PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31685720/
Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men — PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35927255/
The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults — PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/
Safety evaluation of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide oral administration in healthy adult men and women — PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36002548/
Systematic review of randomized controlled trials on nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation — PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39221308/
Effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide on glucose and lipid metabolism — PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39531138/
Meta-analysis of nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation in middle-aged and elderly individuals — PubMed — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39185644/

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